hello.sh

#!/bin/bash
VAR="world"
echo "Hello $VAR!" # => Hello world!

执行脚本

$ bash hello.sh

变量

NAME="John"
echo ${NAME}    # => John (变量)
echo $NAME      # => John (变量)
echo "$NAME"    # => John (变量)
echo '$NAME'    # => $NAME (字符串原样输出)
echo "${NAME}!" # => John! (变量)
NAME = "John"   # => Error (注意不能有空格)

注释

# 这是一个内联 Bash 注释。

: '
这是一个
非常整洁的
bash 注释
'

多行注释使用 :' 打开和 ' 关闭

参数

见：特殊参数

函数

get_name() {
    echo "John"
}
echo "You are $(get_name)"

见：函数

条件句

if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
    echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
    echo "String is not empty"
fi

见：条件句

大括号扩展

echo {A,B}.js

见：大括号扩展

Shell 执行

# => I'm in /当前/的/路径
echo "I'm in $(PWD)"
# Same as:
echo "I'm in `pwd`"

见：命令替换

Bash 参数扩展

语法

子字符串

Length

默认值

替代 Substitution

echo ${food:-Cake}  #=> $food or "Cake"

STR="/path/to/foo.cpp"
echo ${STR%.cpp}    # /path/to/foo
echo ${STR%.cpp}.o  # /path/to/foo.o
echo ${STR%/*}      # /path/to
echo ${STR##*.}     # cpp (extension)
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp (basepath)
echo ${STR#*/}      # path/to/foo.cpp
echo ${STR##*/}     # foo.cpp
echo ${STR/foo/bar} # /path/to/bar.cpp

切片 Slicing

name="John"
echo ${name}           # => John
echo ${name:0:2}       # => Jo
echo ${name::2}        # => Jo
echo ${name::-1}       # => Joh
echo ${name:(-1)}      # => n
echo ${name:(-2)}      # => hn
echo ${name:(-2):2}    # => hn

length=2
echo ${name:0:length}  # => Jo

见：参数扩展

基本路径和目录路径

SRC="/path/to/foo.cpp"

BASEPATH=${SRC##*/}   
echo $BASEPATH  # => "foo.cpp"

DIRPATH=${SRC%$BASEPATH}
echo $DIRPATH   # => "/path/to/"

Transform

STR="HELLO WORLD!"
echo ${STR,}      # => hELLO WORLD!
echo ${STR,,}     # => hello world!

STR="hello world!"
echo ${STR^}      # => Hello world!
echo ${STR^^}     # => HELLO WORLD!

ARR=(hello World)
echo "${ARR[@],}" # => hello world
echo "${ARR[@]^}" # => Hello World

Bash 数组

定义数组

Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')

Fruits[0]="Apple"
Fruits[1]="Banana"
Fruits[2]="Orange"

ARRAY1=(foo{1..2}) # => foo1 foo2
ARRAY2=({A..D})    # => A B C D

# 合并 => foo1 foo2 A B C D
ARRAY3=(${ARRAY1[@]} ${ARRAY2[@]})

# 声明构造
declare -a Numbers=(1 2 3)
Numbers+=(4 5) # 附加 => 1 2 3 4 5

索引

迭代 Iteration

Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')
for e in "${Fruits[@]}"; do
    echo $e
done

With index

for i in "${!Fruits[@]}"; do
  printf "%s\t%s\n" "$i" "${Fruits[$i]}"
done

操作

Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "Watermelon")         # 添加
Fruits+=('Watermelon')                       # 也是添加
Fruits=( ${Fruits[@]/Ap*/} )                 # 通过正则表达式匹配删除
unset Fruits[2]                              # 删除一项
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}")                      # 复制
Fruits=("${Fruits[@]}" "${Veggies[@]}")      # 连接
lines=(`cat "logfile"`)                      # 从文件中读取

数组作为参数

function extract()
{
  local -n myarray=$1
  local idx=$2
  echo "${myarray[$idx]}"
}
Fruits=('Apple' 'Banana' 'Orange')
extract Fruits 2     # => Orangle

Bash 字典

定义

declare -A sounds

sounds[dog]="bark"
sounds[cow]="moo"
sounds[bird]="tweet"
sounds[wolf]="howl"

使用字典

echo ${sounds[dog]} # Dog's sound
echo ${sounds[@]}   # All values
echo ${!sounds[@]}  # All keys
echo ${#sounds[@]}  # Number of elements
unset sounds[dog]   # Delete dog

迭代

for val in "${sounds[@]}"; do
    echo $val
done

for key in "${!sounds[@]}"; do
    echo $key
done

Bash 条件句

整数条件

字符串条件

例子

字符串

if [[ -z "$string" ]]; then
    echo "String is empty"
elif [[ -n "$string" ]]; then
    echo "String is not empty"
else
    echo "This never happens"
fi

组合

if [[ X && Y ]]; then
    ...
fi

相等

if [[ "$A" == "$B" ]]; then
    ...
fi

正则表达式

if [[ '1. abc' =~ ([a-z]+) ]]; then
    echo ${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
fi

小于

if (( $a < $b )); then
   echo "$a is smaller than $b"
fi

存在

if [[ -e "file.txt" ]]; then
    echo "file exists"
fi

文件条件

更多条件

逻辑和，或

if [ "$1" = 'y' -a $2 -gt 0 ]; then
    echo "yes"
fi
if [ "$1" = 'n' -o $2 -lt 0 ]; then
    echo "no"
fi

Bash 循环

基本 for 循环

for i in /etc/rc.*; do
    echo $i
done

类似 C 的 for 循环

for ((i = 0 ; i < 100 ; i++)); do
    echo $i
done

范围

for i in {1..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done

步长

for i in {5..50..5}; do
    echo "Welcome $i"
done

自动递增

i=1
while [[ $i -lt 4 ]]; do
    echo "Number: $i"
    ((i++))
done

自动递减

i=3
while [[ $i -gt 0 ]]; do
    echo "Number: $i"
    ((i--))
done

Continue

for number in $(seq 1 3); do
    if [[ $number == 2 ]]; then
        continue;
    fi
    echo "$number"
done

Break

for number in $(seq 1 3); do
    if [[ $number == 2 ]]; then
        # Skip entire rest of loop.
        break;
    fi
    # This will only print 1
    echo "$number"
done

Until

count=0
until [ $count -gt 10 ]; do
    echo "$count"
    ((count++))
done

死循环

while true; do
    # here is some code.
done

死循环（简写）

while :; do
    # here is some code.
done

读取文件的每一行

cat file.txt | while read line; do
    echo $line
done

Bash 函数

定义函数

myfunc() {
  echo "hello $1"
}

# 同上（替代语法）
function myfunc() {
  echo "hello $1"
}

myfunc "John"

返回值

myfunc() {
    local myresult='some value'
    echo $myresult
}

result="$(myfunc)"

抛出错误

myfunc() {
    return 1
}

if myfunc; then
    echo "success"
else
    echo "failure"
fi

Bash 选项

选项

# 避免覆盖文件
# (echo "hi" > foo)
set -o noclobber

# 用于出错时退出
# 避免级联错误
set -o errexit   

# 揭示隐藏的失败
set -o pipefail  

# 公开未设置的变量
set -o nounset

全局选项

# 不匹配的 glob 被删除
# ('*.foo' => '')
shopt -s nullglob   

# 不匹配的 glob 抛出错误
shopt -s failglob  

# 不区分大小写的球体
shopt -s nocaseglob 

# 通配符匹配点文件
# ("*.sh" => ".foo.sh")
shopt -s dotglob    

# 允许 ** 进行递归匹配
# ('lib/**/*.rb' => 'lib/a/b/c.rb')
shopt -s globstar   

Bash 历史

命令

表达式

操作

!! 和 !$ 可以替换为任何有效的扩展。

切片 Slices

!! 可以替换为任何有效的扩展，即 !cat、!-2、!42 等。

杂项

数值计算

$((a + 200))      # Add 200 to $a

$(($RANDOM%200))  # Random number 0..199

子 shell

(cd somedir; echo "I'm now in $PWD")
pwd # still in first directory

检查命令

command -V cd
#=> "cd is a function/alias/whatever"

重定向

python hello.py > output.txt   # 标准输出到（文件）
python hello.py >> output.txt  # 标准输出到（文件），追加
python hello.py 2> error.log   # 标准错误到（文件）
python hello.py 2>&1           # 标准错误到标准输出
python hello.py 2>/dev/null    # 标准错误到（空null）
python hello.py &>/dev/null    # 标准输出和标准错误到（空null）

python hello.py < foo.txt      # 将 foo.txt 提供给 python 的标准输入

来源相对

source "${0%/*}/../share/foo.sh"

脚本目录

DIR="${0%/*}"

Case/switch

case "$1" in
    start | up)
    vagrant up
    ;;
    *)
    echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|ssh}"
    ;;
esac

陷阱错误

trap 'echo Error at about $LINENO' ERR

或者

traperr() {
    echo "ERROR: ${BASH_SOURCE[1]} at about ${BASH_LINENO[0]}"
}
set -o errtrace
trap traperr ERR

printf

printf "Hello %s, I'm %s" Sven Olga
#=> "Hello Sven, I'm Olga

printf "1 + 1 = %d" 2
#=> "1 + 1 = 2"

printf "Print a float: %f" 2
#=> "Print a float: 2.000000"

获取选项

while [[ "$1" =~ ^- && ! "$1" == "--" ]]; do case $1 in
    -V | --version )
    echo $version
    exit
    ;;
    -s | --string )
    shift; string=$1
    ;;
    -f | --flag )
    flag=1
    ;;
esac; shift; done
if [[ "$1" == '--' ]]; then shift; fi

检查命令的结果

if ping -c 1 google.com; then
    echo "看来您的互联网连接正常"
fi

特殊变量

见特殊参数。

grep 检查

if grep -q 'foo' ~/.bash_history; then
    echo "您过去似乎输入过“foo”"
fi

反斜杠转义

• 
  
• !
• "
• #
• &
• '
• (
• )
• ,
• ;
• <
• >
• [
• |
• \
• ]
• ^
• {
• }
• `
• $
• *
• ?

使用 \ 转义这些特殊字符

Heredoc

cat <<END
hello world
END

转到上一个目录

pwd # /home/user/foo
cd bar/
pwd # /home/user/foo/bar
cd -
pwd # /home/user/foo

读取输入

echo -n "Proceed? [y/n]: "
read ans
echo $ans

read -n 1 ans    # 只有一个字符

条件执行

git commit && git push
git commit || echo "Commit failed"

严格模式

set -euo pipefail
IFS=#39;\n\t'

参见：非官方 bash 严格模式

可选参数

args=("$@")
args+=(foo)
args+=(bar)
echo "${args[@]}"

将参数放入数组中，然后追加